Researchers at the University of Twente have developed a breakthrough technique that uses sound waves to control light on photonic chips. This innovation could pave the way for ultra-compact atomic clocks capable of fitting inside satellites and drones, enabling navigation without relying on GPS.
Comparable to handing a GPS to someone navigating by stars, the discovery by David Marpaung and his team significantly enhances the capabilities of light-based chips. Their work introduces a sound-mediated mechanism for steering light, expanding the applications of integrated photonics well beyond traditional low-power optical communication.
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Published in Science Advances, the research harnesses Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS)—a well-known physical effect—refined and adapted for scalable chip production. With this advancement, engineers can integrate highly precise tools such as sub-hertz linewidth lasers and ultra-selective filters into photonic circuits.
"Integrated Brillouin photonics is very fertile ground, both scientifically and commercially, and our work takes it from the lab to the fab," says Marpaung, referring to the chip manufacturing facilities known as fabs.
In telecommunications, SBS is typically seen as a limitation because it scatters light in optical fibers, reducing transmission efficiency. However, when carefully controlled, the interaction between light and the resulting sound waves (phonons) in a material’s crystal lattice can be used to manipulate signals in entirely new ways.
"After electrons in electronics and photons in integrated photonics, think of the phonon-mediated interactions as a third way to shape, redirect, or process signals," Marpaung explains.
Despite its potential, SBS has been largely impractical for real-world use due to scalability issues and the diffusive nature of acoustic waves. These waves, like ripples in water, tend to spread out, making it difficult to confine their energy for use on a chip.
Marpaung’s team overcame this by working with thin-film lithium niobate, a key material in photonic chip technology. They discovered that in this material, the direction of light can steer acoustic waves, allowing for effective and controlled integration of SBS into chip-based systems.
This breakthrough brings integrated photonic chips closer to practical, high-performance applications in fields ranging from autonomous navigation to advanced sensing and quantum technologies.